![]() ![]() Columns are sometimes known as posts, particularly if they are made of wood. They are usually made of concrete or masonry and often must be braced. Columns are set in holes and backfilled with compacted material. Posts are also known as columns, but columns are usually made of concrete or masonry.Ĭolumn Foundation: Foundation consisting of vertical support members with a height-to-least-lateral dimension ratio greater than three. Posts are usually made of wood and usually must be braced. Post Foundation: Foundation consisting of vertical support members set in holes and backfilled with compacted material. ![]() Piles derive their load-carrying capacity through skin friction, end bearing, or a combination of both. ![]() Piles are relatively slender in comparison to their length, which usually exceeds 12 times their horizontal dimension. Pile Foundation: Foundation consisting of concrete, wood, or steel structural elements driven or jetted into the ground or cast-in-place. Piers derive their load-carrying capacity through skin friction, end bearing, or a combination of both. Piers are relatively short in comparison to their width, which is usually greater than or equal to 12 times their vertical dimension. Pier Foundation: Foundation consisting of isolated masonry or cast-in-place concrete structural elements extending into firm materials. This guide also references topics covered in the flood Design Guide including wet floodproofing and scouring.įEMA P-55 defines piers, piles, posts, and columns as follows: See the flood Overview Guide for background information on types of floods, flood mapping, the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), and terms used throughout this guide such as Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA), Zones V, A, and Coastal A, the Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM), Base Flood Elevation (BFE), and Design Flood Elevation (DFE). Special attention is given to the design of floor and wall assemblies to properly control infiltration, vapor and water transmission, and heating and cooling losses while minimizing the potential for flood damage. The second floor can also accommodate a guest room, or a nook where kids can work with their computers.This guide provides key information on how to design a pier, pile, post, or column foundation to reduce the risk of damage during a flood event. Recent trends, however, will have the second-floor serving space for a den or a hangout space. Usually, the second floor serves to accommodate additional space for bedrooms. The length of the stairs is also dependent on the height from the finished floor (1st floor) to the finished floor (2nd floor). The stair can be used as a focal point by adding accentuating skylights. Since the stair connects two levels together, planning how it would look is very important. Most of the time, the structure of the new floor is planned to accommodate the drains. The drain’s route, whether vertical or horizontal, must be planned well. ![]() An alternative is to have the drains go through the main level onwards to the basement. It can be possible to tie the plumbing of the new bathroom to those of an existing bathroom below. If the new floor will have bathrooms in it, one should assess how it will be connected to the existing plumbing on the first floor and how it will be vented to the roof. Remember that the upper portion of a house is hotter than any part of the household, so having a new cooling system will help in providing comfort in that part of the house. It is not advisable to extend the current heating and cooling systems to the new floor it is more practical to upgrade the present system or to add a new system for the upper level. The problem with this is that it can result in a thicker new floor assembly that will be causing more stairs to bridge the second floor. It also allows electrical lines and other elements to be kept in the ceiling just underneath the new floor. Usually, the current ceiling and ceiling joists are kept in place but since they're usually much lighter than floor joists, a new floor structure is built on top to keep added weight and disruptions off the existing structure. Likewise, the existing house should be able to withstand some earthquakes and strong winds. The current structure should be attached securely to its foundation. Most of the time, however, experts suggest structurally upgrading the existing house. Because a second story addition means having an additional mass on top of the current structure, one has to assess if the existing structure can carry the additional weight. ![]()
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